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Monday, July 20, 2009

Processor's Manufacturing Company

AMD or Advanced Micro Devices is a company that has been producing semiconductors, microchips, CPUs, motherboards, and other types of computer equipment for the last 40 years. That makes them the second largest company in this sector currently after Intel.

Intel, or the Intel Corporation, was founded a year earlier in 1968. Both companies were incorporated in Silicon Valley in the USA, and are leaders in research and development in the field. These multinational companies are also well known for developing production facilities in Asia, such as in Taiwan, China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Nevertheless, it is said their products are in use in every country where PCs are used.

Both AMD and Intel produce mother boards which are the circuitry at the base of all personal computers. AMD and Intel also create CPU or Central Processing Unit chips for the personal computer. While both are in the same industry but are always vying against each other for marketshare and technological changes.





AMD


Intel




Company Type:
Public
Public

Listed on:
NYSE (AMD)
NASDAQ (INTC), SEHK (4335)

Founded:
1969
1968

Headquarters:
Sunnyvale, California
Santa Clara, California

CEO:
Hector Ruiz
Paul S Otellini

Products:
Microprocessors, Motherboard chipsets, DTV decoder chips, Handheld media chips
Microprocessors, Flash memory, Motherboard chipsets, Network interface cards, Bluetooth chipsets

Revenue:
$5.649 billion in 2006
$31.5 billion in 2006

Net income:
$166 million
$5 billion

Employees:
16,719
94,100

Slogan:
Smarter Choice
Leap Ahead

Website:
www.amd.com
www.intel.com

Stands for:
Advanced Micro Devices
Intel Corporation

What is it?:
A company that produces CPU chips, motherboards, and other circuitry for personal computers / Windows software.
World’s leading manufacturer of CPU chips. Also produces motherboards and other circuitry for personal computers / Windows software

Subsidiaries:
ATI Technologies

Sunday, July 19, 2009

Memory Different

See below for an explanation of various terms used to describe the speed of memory modules, USB drives, and Flash Cards:

DDR3

DDR3 memory is the latest generation of memory and came in to widespread use in late 2007. It offers many benefits over DDR2 including lower latencies, higher speeds, and lower power requirements. DDR3 is not backward-compatible with DDR2, nor will DDR3 modules fit in a system designed for DDR2.

For all types of memory, a higher number represents a faster speed module, or more bandwidth. DDR3 is often referred to by its common name using terms like "DDR3-1066" or "DDR3-1333". When written this way, the numbers after "DDR3" refer to the data output rate in Megahertz of the components.

DDR3 is also referred to by terms like "PC3-6400" or "PC3-8500". When written this way, the numbers after "PC3" refer to the peak bandwidth of the memory module.

Common Name Industry Name Peak Bandwidth Data Output Rate
DDR3-800PC3-64006400 MB/s800Mhz
DDR3-1066PC3-85008533 MB/s1066Mhz
DDR3-1333PC3-1060010667 MB/s1333Mhz
DDR3-1600PC3-1280012800 MB/s1600Mhz

DDR2 PC2-4200, DDR2 PC2-5300, DDR2 PC2-6400, and DDR2 PC2-8000

For DDR2 modules, the numbers that come after the "PC2" refer to the peak bandwidth capability of the module.

For all types of memory, a higher number represents a faster speed module, or more bandwidth. DDR2 is often referred to by its common name using terms like "DDR2-667" or "DDR2-800". When written this way, the numbers after "DDR2" refer to the data output rate in Megahertz of the components. Note: DDR2 is not backward-compatible with DDR.

Common Name Industry Name Peak Bandwidth Data Output Rate
DDR2-400PC2-32003200 MB/s400Mhz
DDR2-533PC2-42004266 MB/s533Mhz
DDR2-667PC2-53005333 MB/s667Mhz
DDR2-800PC2-64006400 MB/s800Mhz
DDR2-1066PC2-85008533 MB/s1066Mhz

As an example, PC2-4200 (commonly referred to as DDR2-533) memory is DDR2 designed for use in systems with a 266MHz FSB (front-side bus), providing a 533Mhz data output rate). The "4200" refers to the module's peak bandwidth (the maximum amount of data it can transfer each second), which is 4200 MegaBytes per second (also written as 4200MB/s, or 4.2GB/s).

Note: A Megabyte is equivalent to 8 Megabits, and the terms can cause some confusion with consumers. A Megabyte is written in shorthand using a capital M followed by a capital B - MB. A Megabit is written in shorthand using a capital M, followed by a lower case b - Mb. Put differently, a single 2GB module (4 Gigabytes) may contain sixteen 2Gb (2 Gigabit) chips.

DDR PC1600, PC2100, PC2700, and PC3200

Like DDR2 modules, in DDR modules the numbers that come after the "PC" refer to the peak bandwidth of the module. As with other types of memory, a higher number represents faster memory, or more bandwidth. Occasionally DDR is referred to as "DDR400" or "DDR-333," for example. When written this way, the numbers after "DDR" refer to the data output rate (in Megahertz or Mhz for short) of the components.

Common Name Industry Name Peak Bandwidth Data Output Rate
DDR-200PC-16001600 MB/s200Mhz
DDR-266PC-21002100 MB/s266Mhz
DDR-300PC-24002400 MB/s300Mhz
DDR-333PC-27002700 MB/s333Mhz
DDR-400PC-32003200 MB/s400Mhz

As an example, PC3200 (commonly referred to as DDR400) memory is DDR designed for use in systems with a 200MHz FSB (front-side bus), providing a 400Mhz data output rate). The "3200" refers to the module's peak bandwidth (the maximum amount of data it can transfer each second), which is 3200 MegaBytes per second (also written as 3200MB/s, or 3.2GB/s).

SDRAM PC100 and PC133

With SDRAM modules, the numbers that come after the "PC" are different in meaning to those used for DDR modules, now referring to the speed of the system's front-side bus.

As an example, PC100 memory is SDRAM designed for use in systems with a 100MHz front-side bus. It is used in some older HP, Toshiba, and Apple Power Mac G4 systems. Some resellers have stopped selling PC100 in favour of PC133, which is backward-compatible. RamCity are still selling Kingston modules in PC100 speeds for systems that require it..

RDRAM PC800 and PC1066

RDRAM or RAMBUS Ram up until a few years ago didn't have the same dual-data-rate features as DDR so was named according to the speed it ran at. So PC800 RDRAM ran at 800Mhz, and PC1066 at 1066Mhz. Because each standard RDRAM module has only a single 16-bit channel, the modules have to be installed in pairs to achieve the same bandwidth transfer rates as DDR or DDR-2 ram.

Common Name Industry Name Peak Bandwidth Data Output Rate
PC800PC-8003200 MB/s (per module)800Mhz
PC1066PC-10664200 MB/s1066Mhz

Flash Memory

Flash Memory, (including USB Drives, CF Cards, SD Cards, and other types) is often labelled with a speed of 10x, 45x, 133x, etc. Typically this figure is worked out by dividing the maximum write speed in bits per second by 150. The latter figure represents the old standard 1x CD-ROM drive write speed - being 150 bits/sec or 1x. Therefore if a flash card is listed with a speed of 50x, then the maximum write speed in ideal conditions is going to be about 7500 bits per second, or around 7.5 Mbits per second.

To complicate matters further, a new type of flash memory card was introduced, termed "High Capacity". Presently these cards have speed classified as "Class 2" (2 MB/sec minimum data transfer rate), "Class 4" (4 MB/sec minimum data transfer rate), or "Class 6" (6 MB/sec minimum data transfer rate). Already some manufacturers have started introducing their own write speed specification (such as 133x, or 20MB/s) to indicate that their High Capacity cards perform much better than the minimum standard.

Friday, July 17, 2009

WHAT IS LAPTOP COMPUTER?

A laptop computer, usually called a notebook computer by manufacturers, is a battery- or AC-powered personal computer generally smaller than a briefcase that can easily be transported and conveniently used in temporary spaces such as on airplanes, in libraries, temporary offices, and at meetings. A laptop typically weighs less than 5 pounds and is 3 inches or less in thickness. Among the best-known makers of laptop computers are IBM, Apple, Compaq, Dell, and Toshiba.
Laptop computers generally cost more than desktop computers with the same capabilities because they are more difficult to design and manufacture. A laptop can effectively be turned into a desktop computer with a docking station, a hardware frame that supplies connections for peripheral input/output devices such as a printer or larger monitor. The less capable port replicator allows you to connect a laptop to a number of peripherals through a single plug.
Laptops usually come with displays that use thin-screen technology. The thin film transistor or active matrix screen is brighter and views better at different angles than the STN or dual-scan screen. Laptops use several different approaches for integrating a mouse into the keyboard, including the touch pad, the trackball, and the pointing stick. A serial port also allows a regular mouse to be attached. The PC Card is insertable hardware for adding a modem or network interface card to a laptop. CD-ROM and digital versatile disc drives may be built-in or attachable.


Laptop


Laptop Memory Upgrade

Laptop and notebook computers are notorious for not having enough memory. Very often, due to the expense of a laptop computer, buyers will only order the standard memory configuration. Typically, this is just enough memory to allow the version of Windows to run that ships with the computer. Consequently, after the purchase buyers will be looking for a laptop memory upgrade.

Monday, July 13, 2009

Computer Hardware

What is Hardware?

Your PC (Personal Computer) is a system, consisting of many components. Some of those components, like Windows XP, and all your other programs, are software. The stuff you can actually see and touch, and would likely break if you threw it out a fifth-story window, is hardware.

Not everybody has exactly the same hardware. But those of you who have a desktop system, like the example shown in Figure 1, probably have most of the components shown in that same figure. Those of you with notebook computers probably have most of the same components. Only in your case the components are all integrated into a single book-sized portable unit.

Figure 1

The system unit is the actual computer; everything else is called a peripheral device. Your computer's system unit probably has at least one floppy disk drive, and one CD or DVD drive, into which you can insert floppy disks and CDs. There's another disk drive, called the hard disk inside the system unit, as shown in Figure 2. You can't remove that disk, or even see it. But it's there. And everything that's currently "in your computer" is actually stored on that hard disk. (We know this because there is no place else inside the computer where you can store information!).

Figure 2

The floppy drive and CD drive are often referred to as drives with removable media or removable drives for short, because you can remove whatever disk is currently in the drive, and replace it with another. Your computer's hard disk can store as much information as tens of thousands of floppy disks, so don't worry about running out of space on your hard disk any time soon. As a rule, you want to store everything you create or download on your hard disk. Use the floppy disks and CDs to send copies of files through the mail, or to make backup copies of important items.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

There's too much "stuff" on your computer's hard disk to use it all at the same time. During the average session sitting at the computer, you'll probably use only a small amount of all that's available. The stuff you're working with at any given moment is stored in random access memory (often abbreviated RAM, and often called simply "memory"). The advantage using RAM to store whatever you're working on at the moment is that RAM is very fast. Much faster than any disk. For you, "fast" translates to less time waiting and more time being productive.

So if RAM is so fast, why not put everything in it? Why have a hard disk at all? The answer to that lies in the fact that RAM is volatile. As soon as the computer is shut off, whether intentionally or by an accidental power outage, every thing in RAM disappears, just as quickly as a light bulb goes out when the plug is pulled. So you don't want to rely on RAM to hold everything. A disk, on the other hand, holds its information whether the power is on or off.

The Hard Disk

All of the information that's "in your computer", so to speak, is stored on your computer's hard disk. You never see that actual hard disk because it's sealed inside a special housing and needs to stay that way. Unlike RAM, which is volatile, the hard disk can hold information forever -- with or without electricity. Most modern hard disks have tens of billions of bytes of storage space on them. Which, in English, means that you can create, save, and download files for months or years without using up all the storage space it provides.

In the unlikely event that you do manage to fill up your hard disk, Windows will start showing a little message on the screen that reads "You are running low on disk space" well in advance of any problems. In fact, if that message appears, it won't until you're down to about 800 MB of free space. And 800 MB of empty space is equal to about 600 blank floppy disks. That's still plenty of room!

The Mouse

Obviously you know how to use your mouse, since you must have used it to get here. But let's take a look at the facts and buzzwords anyway. Your mouse probably has at least two buttons on it. The button on the left is called the primary mouse button, the button on the right is called the secondary mouse button or just the right mouse button. I'll just refer to them as the left and right mouse buttons. Many mice have a small wheel between the two mouse buttons, as illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 3

The idea is to rest your hand comfortably on the mouse, with your index finger touching (but not pressing on) the left mouse button. Then, as you move the mouse, the mouse pointer (the little arrow on the screen) moves in the same direction. When moving the mouse, try to keep the buttons aimed toward the monitor -- don't "twist" the mouse as that just makes it all the harder to control the position of the mouse pointer.

If you find yourself reaching too far to get the mouse pointer where you want it to be on the screen, just pick up the mouse, move it to where it's comfortable to hold it, and place it back down on the mousepad or desk. The buzzwords that describe how you use the mouse are as follows:

  • Point: To point to an item means to move the mouse pointer so that it's touching the item.

  • Click: Point to the item, then tap (press and release) the left mouse button.

  • Double-click: Point to the item, and tap the left mouse button twice in rapid succession - click-click as fast as you can.

  • Right-click: Point to the item, then tap the mouse button on the right.

  • Drag: Point to an item, then hold down the left mouse button as you move the mouse. To drop the item, release the left mouse button.

  • Right-drag: Point to an item, then hold down the right mouse button as you move the mouse. To drop the item, release the right mouse button.

The Keyboard

Like the mouse, the keyboard is a means of interacting with your computer. You really only need to use the keyboard when you're typing text. Most of the keys on the keyboard are laid out like the keys on a typewriter. But there are some special keys like Esc (Escape), Ctrl (Control), and Alt (Alternate). There are also some keys across the top of the keyboard labeled F1, F2, F3, and so forth. Those are called the function keys, and the exact role they play depends on which program you happen to be using at the moment.

Most keyboards also have a numeric keypad with the keys laid out like the keys on a typical adding machine. If you're accustomed to using an adding machine, you might want to use the numeric keypad, rather than the numbers across the top of the keyboard, to type numbers. It doesn't really matter which keys you use. The numeric keypad is just there as a convenience to people who are accustomed to adding machines.

Figure 4

Most keyboards also contain a set of navigation keys. You can use the navigation keys to move around around through text on the screen. The navigation keys won't move the mouse pointer. Only the mouse moves the mouse pointer.

On smaller keyboards where space is limited, such as on a notebook computer, the navigation keys and numeric keypad might be one in the same. There will be a Num Lock key on the keypad. When the Num Lock key is "on", the numeric keypad keys type numbers. When the Num Lock key is "off", the navigation keys come into play. The Num Lock key acts as a toggle. Which is to say, when you tap it, it switches to the opposite state. For example, if Num Lock is on, tapping that key turns it off. If Num Lock is off, tapping that key turns Num Lock on.

Combination Keystrokes (Shortcut keys)

Those mysterious Ctrl and Alt keys are often used in combination with other keys to perform some task. We often refer to these combination keystrokes as shortcut keys, because they provide an alternative to using the mouse to select menu options in programs. Shortcut keys are always expressed as:

key1+key2

where the idea is to hold down key1, tap key2, then release key1. For example, to press Ctrl+Esc hold down the Ctrl key (usually with your pinkie), tap the Esc key, then release the Ctrl key. To press Alt+F you hold down the Alt key, tap the letter F, then release the Alt key.


Sunday, July 12, 2009

Kata Kata Aluan

Assalammualaikum wbt.

Terima kasih kerana melawat blog ini.

Diharap dengan adanya kemajuan sebegini dapat merealisasikan impian kita bagi mencapai kejayaan di dunia dan di akhirat. Saya mengalu-alukan sumbangan idea-idea/cadangan dari anda untuk memperbaiki blog ini menjadi lebih baik dari semasa ke semasa.

Saya mengucapkan setinggi perhargaan kepada pihak yang terlibat terutama sahabat-sahabat saya yang banyak membantu saya.

Saya berharap laman web ini menjadi simbol bagi remaja sekalian untuk bergiat aktif membentuk akhlak yang baik.

Sekali lagi diucapkan "Selamat Datang".......

Dari,

Ayri

Email:

ZMechanical@Yahoo.com.my




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